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Showing posts with label Principles of Education. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Principles of Education. Show all posts

Define the concepts of 'evaluation', 'measurement' and 'assessment' And also explain the differences among them with examples

January 26, 2017 4

The concept of educational evaluation is not a discovery of the present age. Evaluation is a reality of our daily life. Every individual evaluates him/herself and the environment around his/her. The role of evaluation is the struggle for life is very significant. It played a remarkable role in the development of human culture and civilization. Now, let us discuss the concepts of evaluation, measurement and assessment in detail :-

Evaluation :- 

Literally, evaluation means to judge or calculate the amount or importance of something. To me, evaluation is the activity of viewing things from a variety of angles for the acquisition of specific aims. But in the field of education and. instruction, evaluation is a formal process which aims at discovering the facts that the students have mastered by the instruction of particular content and skills.
• Evaluation is such an activity in which an attempt is made to see to what an extent the predetermined objectives have been acquired for which the instructional process was carried out.
• Evaluation is a formal procedure which attempts to know the extent of expected behavioral changes in the students achieved.

Measurement :- 

Measurement is one of the aspects of evaluation. It plays an important role in evaluating the educational performance of the students. It is directly concerned with the evaluation.
• Measurement refers to the act of finding dimensions of any object and the quantity found by such an act.
• Measurement refers to th process by which one attempts to measure the quantity of learning and teaching using various formal techniques.
• Measurement is an activity in which a thing is compared to a particular standard so as to know its present range and quantity.
• Measurement is a procedure which aims at knowing the degree of a particular trait in an individual.

Assessment :- 

Literally, assessment means to decide the value of a particular thing. But in the field of education and learning, assessment is an activity in which a teacher keeps watches the comprehension, readiness, interest, involvement and attention of the students in the instructional process so as to maintain appropriate instructional environment in the classroom.
• Assessment is an outlook under which a teacher guards the factors that affect the instructional process.

Differences among  Evaluation', 'Measurement' and 'Assessment'

The differences among the concept of evaluation, measurement and assessment are shown in the table given below :-

Evaluation :-

1. Evaluation is concerned with viewing the extent of success in the efforts made for the acquisition of the objectives of education by means of the instructional process.
2. Evaluation is a comprehensive program which ranges from the quantitative changes to the qualitative changes.
3. Evaluation is an integrated whole which consists of different components.
4. Evaluation is a continuous process with regular intervals. The prograin of evaluation is pre-decided and predetermined.
5. Evaluation is concerned with those behavioral changes which are essential for the acquisition of the objectives of curriculum.
6. There are many dimensions of evaluation which help in assessing the behavioral changes.
7. Both the objective and subjective tools are employed in evaluation.
8. Both the formal and informal techniques are  adopted in the process of evaluation. For instance, examination is a formal technique whereas observation is an informal technique of evaluation.
9. Evaluation analyses the performance of the whole educative process.
10. The examinations conducted in the educational institutions are a remarkable example of evaluation. Evaluation aids in knowing the behavioral changes occurred in the students.

Measurement :-

1. Measurement is the activity of determining the quantity of a trait in a particular thing.
2. Measurement is concerned with the quantitative aspect of the traits of an individual or thing.
3. Measurement is an aspect of evaluation which is concerned with the quantity of behavioral changes.
4. The process of measurement cannot be carried out according to the predetermined schedules
5. Measurement is associated with the quantitative changes and their comparison other prescribed standards.
6. Measurement is a dimension of evaluation.
7. Only the objective tools are utilized in the process of measurement.
8. Measurement is restricted only to the formal techniques. 'Test' is the most significant tool of measurement e.g. mental test and aptitude test.
9. Measurement is concerned with the particular amount or quantity of a trait or learned experience.
10. The tests, like mental tests, aptitude tests, alpha tests, in order to measure the personality of the individual, are the formal techniques of measurement. These tests indicate the quantitative extent of a trait found in an individual.

Assessment :-

1. In Assessment, the teacher keenly observes the learning attitudes, interests, attention and comprehension of the students in order to maintain appropriate instructional conditions.
2. Assessment is directly concerned with the attitudes which influence the instructional process.
3. Assessment is an aspect of evaluation which is concerned with the understanding of attitudes.
4. Assessment is a continuous process. The intervals negatively influence the process of instruction.
5. Assessment is concerned with the instructional environment of the classroom.
6. Assessment is also a significant dimension of evaluation.
7. Assessment is a subjective tool. It is, primarily, concerned with the internal feelings and subjectivity of the teacher.
8. Assessment is a conduct that is informal in nature. Within the parameters of assessment, the teacher makes his/her decision on the basis of personal ability and experience.
9. Assessment is directly concerned with the environment of the classroom.
10. Interest, readiness, comprehension and attention, in order to maintain an appropriate instructional environment, are the significant examples of assessment.
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Briefly explain the significance of educational evaluation and assessment in detail

January 25, 2017 0

Evaluation is concerned with all the activities of life. Naturally, all human beings think about their successes and failures in life. This human thinking and consideration has given birth to the concept of evaluation. Evaluation helps the individuals to determine a future course of action. Evaluation, as an activity, points out the mistakes committed by an individual and the ways to avoid from them in future. The significance of educational evaluation and assessment is highly acknowledged which has been addressed in the following lines :-

Acquisition of objectives of education :- 

The process of educational evaluation makes the teachers and the educational administration acquainted with the extent to which the objectives of education have been achieved. Practical skills and activities are conducted for the realization of objectives of education. The process of evaluation is necessary in order to know the extent to which these activities have helped in obtaining the educational objectives. To me, evaluation is a mirror in which the degree of the realized objectives of education is reflected.

Emergence of behavioral changes :- 

This is one of the significant aims of education is to produce behavioral changes in the individuals. An organized effort is made in terms of the educative process to produce the behavioral changes in the individual. But the question arises here how to measure the range, extent and degree of the occurred behavioral changes. The process of educational evaluations answers to these questions. We can know by means of the process of educational evaluation about the extent of expected behavioral changes.

Educational planning :- 

The results of educational evaluation indicate the present and achieved educational performance of the students. It also points out the defects in the educative process, performance of the teacher and the extent of success of the education policies. Keeping in view all these facts and educational affairs, the education system plans for better future educational strategies.

Determination of explicit direction :- 

The results of educational evaluation guide the educative process to the clear destination. There might have been many defects in the instructional process, over expectations regarding the effectiveness of the curricular content and elements failed to bring about the desired results. The results of educational evaluation unfold all these defects. The educational administration devises an explicit and modified strategy for the process of education in the light of the afore-said defects.

Academic achievement :- 

A teacher can know the level/degree of educational achievement of a student by means of evaluation. During the process of instruction, a student is imparted various information and skills. The process of educational evaluation allows the teacher to know how much the imparted information and skills have become the part of the personality of the students. The level of educational achievement indicates the extent of the occurred behavioral changes in the students. If the process of educational evaluation does not exist, we might not be able to know the degree of educational achievement of the students. If we wish to suggest a course of action for the students, we will have to evaluate their performance properly.

Motivation :- 

Motivation is an inner state which persuades an individual to act. There is a motivation behind every action of the individual. When a person is motivated, there is some unseen force which is pushing him to act. This force is termed as motivation in the terminology of education. The process of educational evaluation motivates the students to get success. The success in the examination is the only motivation which activates them to perform well in the process of evaluation.

Educational research :- 

The outcomes of educational research are used in educational research. The necessary modifications and reforms are made on the bases of observations of the teachers, results of mental tests and examination results of the students. The educational research takes the findings of evaluation to the laboratory and devises the future educational programs in a comprehensive manner.

Class promotion :- 

The students are promoted to the next classes on the basis of the results of evaluation. The results of evaluation tell the whole story of students mastery of the content and whether they should be promoted to the next classes or not. If the process of promotion to the next class suspends, the system of education might have been inactive and static and unmoved. In this regard, all the experts acknowledge the significance of educational evaluation. This is the only valid means of promoting the students in the next classes.

Grading :- 

By means of  the findings of educational evaluation, a teacher can know the grade of a student in comparison to the other students. When the performance of a student is compared to the other students, it determines the educational grade of the student. Grading of the students is a sensitive process. The process of evaluation helps in grading the students scientifically. Grading of the students enables a teacher to determine the educational status of the student. What a student can do? Aid what should he/she select for him/herself? These are the questions which are directly concerned with the educational evaluation.

Selection of subjects and professions :- 

The students of a class possess different abilities and tendencies. Particular professions and subjects suit particular students due to the individual differences among the students. The natural tendencies and the choices of the students cannot be alike. A teacher can know about the natural trends of the students by means of the results of the educational evaluation. In the light of the results of educational evaluation, the teacher can guide the students regarding the selection of professions and subjects. 
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Discuss the objectives of curricular evaluation in your own words

December 20, 2016 0



The educationists hold that curricular evaluation is an essential element of a system of education. This is the clement which tells the teacher and the educational administrator about the extent of those acquainted objectives of curriculum for which the instructional process was carried out. Without the curricular evaluation, nobody can know whether or not the curricular destiny has been achieved. Curricular evaluation is, in fact, an act of accountability. The following points are notable regarding the statement of the objectives of curricular evaluation in the educative process :-
• Curricular evaluation tells us whether or not the objectives of curriculum have been achieved for which the instructional process was carried out.
• Curricular evaluation makes us aware whether the expectations associated with the students have been realized or not following the teaching of the content.
• Curricular evaluation gives valuable information regarding the development of various aspects of the individual's personality.
• The results of curricular evaluation tell the teacher about the present situation of the student.
• Due to the process of curricular evaluation, a teacher can know where does a student stand? What is his/her educational performance and how can his/her performance be improved?
• Curricular evaluation reflects the performance of the teacher. The findings of curricular evaluation speak of the role of teacher in the instructional process. It also throws light on the extent to which the students get themselves advantage of the teacher's ability.
• The results of curricular evaluation throw light of the defects of the curricular content. The curricular content is modified and reformed in the light of the findings of curricular evaluation.
• Curricular evaluation is a tool for measuring the effects of a particular method of teaching on the instructional process. The results of curricular evaluation speak of the extent of effectiveness of a method of teaching for the instruction of a particular content.
• The findings of curricular evaluation throw light on the performance of various elements of education in the educative process. These findings enable to evaluate the possibilities of increasing the performance of the elements of education.
• Curricular evaluation helps in judging the harmony between the psychological needs of the students and the content imparted. It also indicates how much interest the "students took during the instruction of a particular content.
• Curricular evaluation makes the teacher aware of the experiences, observation and practical skills of the students. This enables the teacher to guide the students in deciding their tracks of practical life.

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Discuss the objectives of curriculum in detail

December 15, 2016 0

Curriculum is a plan which is prepared for the acquisition of the objectives of education. This is the only means of bringing about behavioral changes in the personality of the children. If curriculum is eliminated from the educative process, the education system would lose its justification. A good curriculum is always the spokesman of the national aspirations and ideals. A good curriculum can be said to have the following major objectives :-

Fulfillment of national aspirations :- 

The most fundamental aim of education is to fulfill the national aspirations. To me, curriculum is the soul of the educative process. If it is excluded from the system of the education, the nation would not succeed in securing the national aims. The national and individual aspirations are mirrored in the curriculum. Curriculum is the only means which paves the way to individual and collective welfare. The national ambitions are absorbed into curriculum and they are acquired through the instructional process.

Behavior modification :- 

Curriculum brings about behavioral changes in the personality of the individuals and thereby enables them capable of social adjustment. Such socially adjusted individuals cause social stability. They play their effective role in the national development. When the changes occurred in the behavior of the individuals, they prove themselves useful individually and collectively. Curriculum is the only means which enables the students to take part in the productive and socially acceptable activities.

Understanding the mysteries of the universe :- 

Curriculum gives an understanding of the mysteries of the universe to the students. The young generation is imparted the knowledge of the fundamental laws of the universe by means of the curricular content. This knowledge about the facts of the universe paves the way to the understanding the mysteries of the universe. Every system of education produces the ability of discovering the facts of the universe in its students. A nation cannot  compete with the other nations of the world the ability of understanding the fact of the universe. The education aim of the mysteries of the universe can only be achieved if these facts and mysteries are included in the curriculum developed for various levels of education.

Continuity in educational activities :- 

This is one of the primary objectives of curriculum to produce integration and continuity among the educational activities. Curriculum is developed in line with the objectives of education. These objectives can only be achieved when there is a co-ordination, balance and integration among all the educational activities. Curriculum integrates all the activities of education which thereby makes the learning process effective and durable. The curriculum for lower level of education provides foundations for developing the curriculum for higher level of education. If the previous learning experiences are linked with the newer ones, then the continuity of experiences, observations, and information maintains.

Conformity to changeable needs :- 

This is the responsibility of curriculum to conform the individuals to the changeable needs of the society. Man is inquisitive in nature and he discovers new worlds due to this natural tendency granted by God. Man has conquered many secrets of the universe due to his intellect and insight These new discoveries can only be preserved only if they are included in the curriculum of a nation. When  new facts and findings are become the part of curriculum, it becomes harmonized with the current needs. Life and society are dynamic. The, needs of life arc continuously changing. If we wish to make life harmonized, with the changeable needs, new changes should be included in the content of curriculum. In this way, curriculum will be able to fulfill the needs of the individuals and the society.

Harmony between individual and society :- 

No society can continue to exist without the harmony between individual and society. No doubt; the personality development of the individual is necessary by means of the educative process. But at the same time, curriculum enables the students to respect the social values so, as to strengthen the fabrics of the society. The conflict between the aspirations of the individual and the society lead to the instability in the society. It will spread frustration among the individuals which ultimately causes a gulf between individual and society. If the individual is annoyed, he/she will distort the fabrics of society. This situation is injurious to the harmony between individual and society. In the  circumstances, this is the responsibility of curriculum to maintain an expected harmony between individual and society.

Promotion of values :- 

All world societies determine the objectives of national system of education keeping in view the social values and social needs. Education derives its ultimate destination from the objectives of education. Curriculum is the only means which enables the process of education to reach its destination. In this regard, the objectives of education serve as the lighthouse and curriculum serves as a means to reach the destination. When the objectives of national education are determined, a practical program is formulated. This very program is termed as curriculum which carries out the process of the promotion of values.

Self-realization :- 

An individual must have the justification of his/her life. He/she has his/her own identity and at the, same time, he/she is a member of a society. He/she has the right to develop his/her personality while living in the society. He/she is not made for society. But he/she is nothing without a society. Here curriculum offers its services. It provides such opportunities and activities to the individuals by which an individual reaches the destination of self-realization. Self-realization refers to a particular state of mind under which an individual thinks of him/herself a successful and productive member of the society. Every child has to undergo various experiences, observation and events. Then, he/she becomes aware of him/herself and thereby gets comprehensive understanding of the society. This understanding of the individual leads to the social stability.

All-round personality development :- 

Curriculum is responsible for individual and collective development. For the successful delivery of this responsibility, curriculum equips the students with such skills and excellences that open new ways of progress in various fields of life. A balanced and successful curriculum develops all the aspects of human personality. This all-round development is the primary responsibility of curriculum and the chief objective of education. For the realization of this particular aim of curriculum and education, there should be the element of comprehensiveness in all the skills, excellences and activities included in the curriculum. Curriculum is the soul of the process of education and all-round development cannot be expected without the curriculum compatible with the needs of society.

Social reconstruction :- 

Society is a dynamic organism. A series of continual changes can be observed within the society. As a result of these social changes, some desirable and undesirable cultural attitudes become the part of society. New things are becoming the part of culture due to the development in science and technology. The social attitudes are being changed due to the inclusion of these elements in the social settings. The survival of society lies in the harmony between social values and social needs. This is what we say the social reconstruction which is the basic function of curriculum.

Development of individuality :- 

Development of individuality is one of the primary aims of curriculum. Every individual is born with some unique and distinct abilities. These abilities are developed by means of the process of education and ultimately curriculum aims at the development of the individuality of the individuals. Curriculum consists of the activities through which the abilities of the individuals may be exposed and developed so that they may render valuable services for the welfare of the nation and humanity.

Globalization :- 

Curriculum enables an individual to compete with the global needs. Science and technology has entirely changed the world scene. Now, this world has turned into a global village. Local. and limited thinking cannot cope with the international demands. Survival lies in competing with the demands of the globe. Curriculum renders valuable services in this regard. It prepares the individuals to cope with modern needs so that they may maintain their individuality on the global level. 
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Give an account of the characteristics of good curriculum

December 14, 2016 0

Curriculum is not an end in itself but a means to an end. This is a truth that curriculum is developed in order to achieve the objectives of education. To me, curriculum is a tool in the hands of teacher to mould the students according to the objectives of education in the formal educational settings. A teacher is an artist who moulds his material according to his ideals in his studio. To me, the educator is like an artist and curriculum is an instrument used by him to develop the abilities of the educand in conformity with the aims of education. Following are the salient characteristics of a good curriculum :-

Curriculum should be conformed to the philosophy of life :- 

A good curriculum is developed in the light of national ideology of life. National traditions and ideologies are reflected in all aspects and elements of curriculum. This very characteristic distinguishes a curriculum of a nation from other curriculum's of various nations. The curriculum developed in line with the national ideology can only produce the individuals who believe in the national ideology.

Curriculum should be responsible for personality development :- 

The aim of education is to enable the individuals to lead a successful life following the development of abilities: A formal curriculum is developed for the attainment of this aim of education. The predetermined curricular activities are necessary for the personality development of an individual. In this regard, a curriculum should have the ability to develop the personality of the individuals.

Curriculum should prepare the individuals for practical life :- 

The educational institutions, being a small society, prepare the individuals to cope with the demands of real life. The curricular activities of the school make the students  acquainted with the social ideals and attitudes so that they may participate in the social life successfully. This is the only way of awakening the consciousness regarding the solution of collective problems. The school is responsible for social development of the students for which balanced curriculum is developed.

Curriculum should be in line with the demands of the individual :- 

The individual is not meant for curriculum but curriculum is developed for the welfare of the individual. Every child is born with some innate faculties. Education develops and organizes these faculties. For developing and organizing the faculties of the individual, it is necessary that the curriculum must be in harmony with the mental age, psychological needs, developmental patterns and individual differences. In this way, the objectives of curricular activities would be realized positively.

Curriculum should be compatible with the objectives of education :- 

Curriculum is developed in line with the objectives of education. A good curriculum is the most significance means of the attainment of objectives of education. The curriculum, which is not linked with the objectives of education, is unable to produce the individuals required by the nation. Curriculum is a comprehensive strategy and plan which aims at the production of such individuals as are expected in the objectives of education. In this regard, it can rightly be stated that a good curriculum is a tool for the realization of the objectives of education.

Curriculum should be flexible :- 

Good curriculum is capable of coping with the changing social conditions. A balanced curriculum can mould itself according to the existing conditions. In this regard, it seems necessary that the curriculum must have the traits of flexibility, reformation and modification. Man and society are continuously changing. These changes should be included in the contents of curriculum so that the new generation may successfully face the challenges of the changing world.

Curriculum should be integrated and continuous :- 

The contents and learning experiences of good curriculum are integrated. The elements of continuity and organization are explicitly observed in a good curriculum. When the curricular contents and activities are inter-linked, they would make the process of instruction and learning meaningful and productive. The curricular activities should be organized in such a way that they may motivate the students for further experiences and experiences. To me, the continuity in the learning experiences leads to the gradual personality development of the students.

Curriculum should be linked with the environment :- 

A good curriculum is linked with the surrounded environment and needs. An individual is bound to live in a society. He/she should not be prepared for such life as he/she does not practice in the society. By means of education, an individual is imparted with the understanding of the environment and the local traditions so that he/she may lead a successful life. Besides, a good curriculum takes advantage of available resources and instructional technology. The process of instruction can be made effective by employing these sources. This is the only way to make the students aware of the phenomena around them.

Curriculum should be dynamic :- 

Good curriculum keeps the educative process, the students and the teachers moving and dynamic. To me, dynamism is the key to development. The curriculists should include those activities in the curriculum which may help in all-round personality development of the students and thereby enable them to lead a successful life. An emphasis should be laid down on the practical activities in the curriculum for the children so that they may develop their dynamic potentials. Good curriculum always motivates the students to actions and makes them mentally active and alive.

Curriculum should be comprehensive :- 

The contents and activities of curriculum should be comprehensive and capable of bringing about behavioral changes in the students. The learning experiences included in the curriculum should be linked with the broader aspects of life. When the students pass through such experiences, they get a comprehensive understanding of the society and life. The limited curriculum cannot comprehensively develop the abilities of the students. It seems necessary in the circumstances that the character and conducts of the students should be moulded according to the national aspirations, and ideologies by means of comprehensive curricular activities.

Curriculum should be balanced :- 

The curriculum should cater for the needs of the individual and the society as well. All the aspects of human personality should be taken into account during the development of curriculum. There should be the elements of interest and motivation for all the students having different abilities. It should produce such individuals as can establish a balanced and stable society. If balanced attention is not paid to the personality of the individual, the object of balanced development of personality of the student might not be attained.

Curriculum should be life-oriented :- 

A good curriculum is closely associated with the demands of practical life. The curriculists should include those contents which enable the students to participate in the affairs of life successfully and productively. All the skills and activities included in the curriculum should be life-oriented. As this is the duty of education to train the individuals for future life, curriculum should be the mirror of the demands and requirements of daily life affairs.

Curriculum should be based on individual differences :- 

A good curriculum considers the individual differences of the students. Every child is born with distinct abilities which make him/her a unique individual. These unique traits of the children give birth to the concept of individual differences. The experts hold that all the children vary in interests, tendencies and attitudes. These differences and variations of the children in abilities should be taken into account during the development of curriculum. The optional and elective subjects should also be included in the curriculum so that the students may select the subjects of their own choice and interest.

Curriculum should be harmonized with the psychological principles :- 

A good curriculum is always harmonized with the psychological principles. The psychological needs of the students are taken into account during the development of a good curriculum. The interest and aptitudes of the students should be seriously considered during the process of curriculum development. For the comprehensive realization of the objectives of education, it seems necessary that the contents of curriculum should be in line with the psychological needs, interests, and natural tendencies of the students.

Curriculum should be conformed to the abilities of the students :- 

Curriculum is developed for the child and the child is not born to obey the commandments of the curriculum. A good curriculum takes into account the all-round abilities of the students. If the content of curriculum is higher than the cognitive level of the students, it would not be able to motivate the students to take interest in the process of instruction. In this way, all the educative process will prove purposeless, unproductive and meaningless: In the circumstance, it requires that the abilities of the students must be kept in mind during the construction of curriculum for various levels of education.

Curriculum should be linked with the social needs :- 

Curriculum trains the individuals to play their role in the society. A good curriculum develops a necessary social vision to meet the social challenges and problems. An individual can comprehensively understand his/her social responsibilities. If education is a process of socialization, we should have to acknowledge that a good curriculum works behind this socialization. Curriculum should make the individuals acquainted with the social traditions and values. It teaches the individuals the art of practical living and makes them good citizens. in this way, curriculum proves itself to be the fulfiller of the social needs and makes the society stable, prosperous and integrated.


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